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Comparative View Standard Of Proof

Definition

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Comparative View Standard Of Proof Form

The legal concept of evidence is neither static nor universal.Medieval understandings of evidence in the age of trial by ordealwould be quite alien to modern sensibilities (Ho 2003–2004) andthere is no approach to evidence and proof that is shared by alllegal systems of the world today. Even within Western legaltraditions, there are significant differences between Anglo-Americanlaw and Continental European law (see Damaška 1973, 1975,1992, 1994, 1997). This entry focuses on the modern concept ofevidence that operates in the legal tradition to which Anglo-Americanlaw belongs.

It may seem obvious that there must be a legal concept ofevidence that is distinguishable from the ordinary concept ofevidence. After all, there are in law many special rules on what canor cannot be introduced as evidence in court, on how evidence is to bepresented and the uses to which it may be put, on the strength orsufficiency of evidence needed to establish proof and so forth. Butthe law remains silent on some crucial matters.

Proof

In resolving thefactual disputes before the court, the jury or, at a bench trial, thejudge has to rely on extra-legal principles. There have been academicattempts at systematic analysis of the operation of these principlesin legal fact-finding (Wigmore 1937; Anderson, Schum and Twining2009). These principles, so it is claimed, are of a general nature. Onthe basis that the logic in “drawing inferences from evidence totest hypotheses and justify conclusions” is governed by the sameprinciples across different disciplines (Twining and Hampsher-Monk2003: 4), ambitious projects have been undertaken to develop across-disciplinary framework for the analysis of evidence (Schum 1994)and to construct an interdisciplinary “integrated science ofevidence” (Dawid, Twining and Vasilaki 2011; cf.

Skyrim special edition multiplayer mod. Tillers2008).While evidential reasoning in law and in other contexts may sharecertain characteristics, there nevertheless remain aspects of theapproach to evidence and proof that are distinctive to law (Rescherand Joynt 1959). Section 1 (“conceptions of evidence”)identifies different meanings of evidence in legal discourse.

Whenlawyers talk about evidence, what is it that they are referring to?What is it that they have in mind? Section 2 (“conditions forreceiving evidence”) approaches the concept of legal evidencefrom the angle of what counts as evidence in law.

What are theconditions that the law imposes and must be met for something to bereceived by the court as evidence? Section 3 (“strength ofevidence”) shifts the attention to the stage where the evidencehas already been received by the court. Here the focus is on how thecourt weighs the evidence in reaching the verdict.

Comparative View Standard Of Proof Examples

In this connection,three properties of evidence will be discussed: probative value,sufficiency and degree of completeness.